Hello and welcome back to our blog STEMBytes. Here are three of my scientific postulates which may seem intuitive to most but are not properly understood and experimented.

1. Dark energy is not conserved- This may seem intuitive to most, as normal energy is conserved, but the universe still expands indefinitely, as proved by many famous scientists  including Maxwell. The only solution to energy being conserved an the universe expanding is that dark energy is not conserved.
2. Dark matter is not conserved- This is also similar to the first point. New matter isdefinitely being created during the course of the expansion of the universe. The only way this can happen is if dark matter is not conserved.
3. Law of conservation of mass does not hold for chemical reactions involving release or production of heat- this is due to the fact that E=mc^2 holds, which means that the amount of mass of a body depends on its energy too. If energy is lost or gained, then the remaining matter will not be the same as earlier.

He replied to me!!!!

Dear Kiran,

Thank you so much for your kind response to my business proposal i sent to you in good faith hoping that it will benefit both of us upon consummation. I apologize for my late reply to your email which was as a result of my ill health problem that took me to the hospital for medical attention. Though i am not yet fully recovered but i was discharged and asked to be coming to hospital from my home on daily basis. 

I have a benefiting legitimate business privilege in India i want you to partner with me. My Indian business partner who is handling it for me died few months ago, and now i need a new Indian partner. If you are interested to execute a genuine and gainful business, then I will give you more details. I have seen your contact while i was searching for an Indian after the death of my later partner so i decided to contact you if you would be interested. 

About me: My name is Dr. Edyon, I am the Production Manager of Falopet Pharmaceuticals LLC (www.falopet.com), a multi-national animal vaccines production company with offices in US & Canada. I used to be the Purchasing Manager until i was promoted few months ago to the position of production manager.

About the proposal: I have supplied some raw material to our company in the past with the assistance of an Indian business partner resident in Dubai, a native of a city called Chennai in India. Our company procurement director contacted me recently and informed me that they require the same raw material; only for me to find out that my Indian partner died some months back. The name of my late Indian partner is Mr. Vijay Rani Reddy.

The name of the material is Encevac Fluid 96% purity. Encevac Fluid 96% purity is a liquid raw material used for the production of animal antiviral & retroviral health vaccine products such as Fluvac Innovator, Equimax Oral Paste, Flunazine Equine Paste, Flunazine Injectable, Oxytocin Injection, Dexium Solution Injection, Griseofulvin Powder, Polyglycan-HV, glycosaminoglycan, tiludronate disodium, phytonadione, Pro-Pen-GInjectable Suspension and so on. It is a purified liquid used to produce vaccines for the active immunisation of horses from six months of age against equine influenza to reduce clinical signs and virus excretion after infection, and for inactivated vaccines for the immunization of horses against equine influenza (both European and American type of New market equine A/2 influenza virus). Encevac Fluid is used as adjuvant for animal vaccine production and veterinary animal vaccines medical preparation; hence it is a legal raw material used for making animal vaccines.

My late Indian partner Mr. vijay rani reddy got the exact specification from a local manufacturer in India. The last supply order we made to the company in 2017 was 50 litres, we bought the product for approximately $7,000 per litre and we resell to the company for $13,000 per litre. We made a profit of $6,000 on each litre and after the business we shared our profit on 60/40% basis, my late Indian partner took 60% and gave me 40%.

I cannot come to India again since our company now has a new purchasing manager and my Indian business partner is late; I want you to act as my business partner in India. I will present you to our company procurement director as the dealer in India where i was purchasing this product then you will now purchase the product from the manufacturer whom I used to buy from, and supply to our company new purchasing manager with you as the direct dealer. After purchasing from original manufacturer, you would sell to our new purchasing manager at a higher price. The profit would be shared between you and I. This business is very lucrative and it is continuous. Our company director will send the new purchasing manager to India to pay and take delivery of the purified liquid. He will pay for the material in whatever form of payment you may demand either cash on delivery or bank transfer to your bank account in India

If you're interested to handle this supply business, then please provide me with your full name, Address, age, and direct mobile number. Also, tell me about yourself & occupation.

Once i receive your details, i will send you my identity and copy of last supply order in the name and address of my late Indian partner as well as the contact details of the local manufacturer in India for you to contact them to confirm availability and current price of the liquid. I will also introduce you to the company procurement director as the person who will supply the liquid in India. You have nothing to worry about, i will guide you through the whole process.

You can call me on my telephone no: +13234841836.

I await your immediate response.

Best Regards,

Dr. Edyon

104 Sunnybrook Rd,

Toronto, ON M6S 1G2, Canada

That's what he sent. Tell me what to reply.

Replying to Spam

This is spam. And I am going to reply to it, i.e. the second message. I've created a fake persona named 'Kiran Anthony' born on May 5 1980. My fake email id is kiran.anthony@mail.com.

Nomenclature of Indian Engines

Nomenclature of Engines in India

Whenever you travel by trains in India, you spot the engine, that big, hungry Hulk which grunts better than lions. But have you ever realised that each class of engines have a name? Yes, you’ve got me right.

In India, we classify the engines based on three parameters:

1.       The track gauge: This refers to the distance between two tracks in a railway.

W- Broad Gauge

N- Narrow Gauge

2.       The Power Source:

D-Diesel

A-Electricity

3.       The carrying capability:

P- Passenger

G-Goods

M- Both Goods and Passenger

The Potential Energy Of A Toy Train

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) was built by the British between 1789 and 1881 connecting the cities of Siliguri and Darjeeling in West Bengal. It was constructed with some ingenious engineering concepts, including Zig-Zag paths and looping over its own line.

The concept of potential energy plays an important role, especially in trains coming down the hill from Darjeeling to Siliguri.

Attached below is a picture which shows the heights of the different stations in the line.

Potential energy is defined as the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position. It is more like the respect the aristocracy and the noblemen got in the olden times by virtue of their position.

In other words,

P.E.=mgh

Where

P.E. = Potential Energy possessed by the body

m= Mass of the body

g= Acceleration of the body

h=height of the body with respect to sea level.

Let us calculate the Potential Energy of the Toy Train at Ghum, the highest point in the line.

(Assuming the mass of the train is about 40 tonnes, or 4 x10⁴ kg)

(Height of Ghum is 7407 ft, or 2257.654 m)

(g=9.8 m/s²)

P.E. = mgh

        = (4 x10⁴ kg)(9.8 m/s²)( 2257.654 m)

        =885000368 kg m²/s² or 8.85 x 10⁸ Joules.

That is close to the energy possessed by a man weighing 40 kg moving at 16,740 km/h!

The potential energy referred to here is otherwise known as gravitational potential energy, i.e. the energy acquired by a body due to climbing against gravity.

Some Hidden Google Secrets

Easter Eggs are fun , hidden features in famous softwares and websites. Being one of the most used websites in the world, Google has its own share of them.

1. Askew - Askew is a word which means slanted or out of order. Type in askew in google search and find your web page going ASKEW

2. Do a barrel roll - Well, do a barell roll! And Google does it.


3. The answer to life, the universe and everything -If you've ever read 'The Hitchhiker's guide to the Universe', you'll know Google's answer. 42

4. Pac-Man - Type Pac-man into the search bar and you'll find you can play the evergreen classic.

5. Bacon numbers - You can find how far hollywood stars are from Kevin Bacon in Google

That's all for now, have fun!

SOME FUN FACTS ABOUT THE LHC

•The central part of the LHC is the world’s largest fridge at a temperature colder than deep outer space

•At full energy, each of the two proton beams in the LHC have a total energy equivalent to a 400 Tonne train.

•The CMS magnet system contains about 10 000 Tonne of iron, which is more iron than in the Eiffel Tower.

•The data recorded by the big experiments at the LHC are enough to fill around 50 000 1 TB hard disks every year.

Understanding the largest scientific experiment ever:

The large hadron collider (LHC)

Where is the LHC?

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)  is located in a circular tunnel 27 km (17 miles) in circumference.

The tunnel is buried around 100 m (about the size of a football field) underground.

It straddles the Swiss and French borders on the outskirts of Geneva at the CERN headquarters.

Why Large, Hadron, Collider?

Large due to its size (approximately 27 km in circumference)

Hadron because it accelerates protons or ions, which are hadrons.

Collider because these particles form two beams travelling in opposite directions, which collide at four points where the two rings of the machine intersect.

What is a Particle Accelerator?

A particle accelerator is a machine that accelerates elementary particles, such as electrons or protons, to very high energies.

There are two basic types of particle accelerators: linear accelerators and circular accelerators.

Linear accelerators propel particles along a linear, or straight, beam line.

Circular accelerators propel particles around a circular track. 

The Structure of The LHC

  The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum.

  They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by superconducting electromagnets

  This requires chilling the magnets to ‑271.3°C – a temperature colder than outer space.

  For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services.

Synchrotrons are the highest-energy particle accelerators in the world. The Large Hadron Collider currently tops the list, with the ability to accelerate particles to an energy of 6.5 trillion electronvolts before colliding them with particles of an equal energy traveling in the opposite direction. 

Understanding one of the shortest papers ever in Mathematics

John Conway and Alexander Soifer submitted a paper in 2005 with the goal to write the shortest math paper ever.

It is only two words long and contains two distinct proofs of their problem in two figures.

The problem was: Can n²+1 unit equilateral Triangles cover an equilateral triangle of side >n, say n+ε?

(Here, ε stands for epsilon, a microscopically small number).

The answer was very cleverly written using just two words:

n²+2 can.

Two figures are also attached with the paper, using which they have explained the same.

The problem is about how many equilateral triangles of side 1 unit can fit into a bigger equilateral triangle of ,say, n units.

We can see that that number is n².

For example, we see that an equilateral triangle of side 3 units can fit in 3²=9 equilateral triangles of side 1 unit.

This is an extension of the above problem, where the side length of the equilateral triangle is n+ε. Obviously, we need more than n² triangles to fit in here as the side length is greater than n.

So, the equilateral triangle’s side length has been split into two:

1.     n-1 and

2.    1+ε.

Both add up to make n+ε.

Using the previous formula, we can state that the number of triangles required to fill a triangle of side length n-1 is (n-1)². 

The number of triangles required to fill the trapezium with lower base equal to n+ε is n+1. Triangles have to be overlapped to get the same. The remaining area in the unfilled trapezium can be filled with n unit triangles. 

So, the total triangles required is:

 (n-1)² +n+1+n

=n²+1-2n+2n+1

=n²+2

Hence proved….

Hello Everyone!

Welcome to the blog on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) titled 'Three friends and a Byte of STEM'.
We will post interesting titbits about the vast, but interesting universe of STEM.